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DQL Lexer

Here is a more complicated example from the Doctrine ORM project. The Doctrine\ORM\Query\Lexer implementation for DQL looks something like the following:

1use Doctrine\Common\Lexer\AbstractLexer; class Lexer extends AbstractLexer { // All tokens that are not valid identifiers must be < 100 public const T_NONE = 1; public const T_INTEGER = 2; public const T_STRING = 3; public const T_INPUT_PARAMETER = 4; public const T_FLOAT = 5; public const T_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS = 6; public const T_OPEN_PARENTHESIS = 7; public const T_COMMA = 8; public const T_DIVIDE = 9; public const T_DOT = 10; public const T_EQUALS = 11; public const T_GREATER_THAN = 12; public const T_LOWER_THAN = 13; public const T_MINUS = 14; public const T_MULTIPLY = 15; public const T_NEGATE = 16; public const T_PLUS = 17; public const T_OPEN_CURLY_BRACE = 18; public const T_CLOSE_CURLY_BRACE = 19; // All tokens that are identifiers or keywords that could be considered as identifiers should be >= 100 public const T_ALIASED_NAME = 100; public const T_FULLY_QUALIFIED_NAME = 101; public const T_IDENTIFIER = 102; // All keyword tokens should be >= 200 public const T_ALL = 200; public const T_AND = 201; public const T_ANY = 202; public const T_AS = 203; public const T_ASC = 204; public const T_AVG = 205; public const T_BETWEEN = 206; public const T_BOTH = 207; public const T_BY = 208; public const T_CASE = 209; public const T_COALESCE = 210; public const T_COUNT = 211; public const T_DELETE = 212; public const T_DESC = 213; public const T_DISTINCT = 214; public const T_ELSE = 215; public const T_EMPTY = 216; public const T_END = 217; public const T_ESCAPE = 218; public const T_EXISTS = 219; public const T_FALSE = 220; public const T_FROM = 221; public const T_GROUP = 222; public const T_HAVING = 223; public const T_HIDDEN = 224; public const T_IN = 225; public const T_INDEX = 226; public const T_INNER = 227; public const T_INSTANCE = 228; public const T_IS = 229; public const T_JOIN = 230; public const T_LEADING = 231; public const T_LEFT = 232; public const T_LIKE = 233; public const T_MAX = 234; public const T_MEMBER = 235; public const T_MIN = 236; public const T_NEW = 237; public const T_NOT = 238; public const T_NULL = 239; public const T_NULLIF = 240; public const T_OF = 241; public const T_OR = 242; public const T_ORDER = 243; public const T_OUTER = 244; public const T_PARTIAL = 245; public const T_SELECT = 246; public const T_SET = 247; public const T_SOME = 248; public const T_SUM = 249; public const T_THEN = 250; public const T_TRAILING = 251; public const T_TRUE = 252; public const T_UPDATE = 253; public const T_WHEN = 254; public const T_WHERE = 255; public const T_WITH = 256; /** * Creates a new query scanner object. * * @param string $input A query string. */ public function __construct($input) { $this->setInput($input); } /** * {@inheritdoc} */ protected function getCatchablePatterns() { return [ '[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*\:[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*(?:\\\[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)*', // aliased name '[a-z_\\\][a-z0-9_]*(?:\\\[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)*', // identifier or qualified name '(?:[0-9]+(?:[\.][0-9]+)*)(?:e[+-]?[0-9]+)?', // numbers "'(?:[^']|'')*'", // quoted strings '\?[0-9]*|:[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*', // parameters ]; } /** * {@inheritdoc} */ protected function getNonCatchablePatterns() { return ['\s+', '(.)']; } /** * {@inheritdoc} */ protected function getType(&$value) { $type = self::T_NONE; switch (true) { // Recognize numeric values case (is_numeric($value)): if (strpos($value, '.') !== false || stripos($value, 'e') !== false) { return self::T_FLOAT; } return self::T_INTEGER; // Recognize quoted strings case ($value[0] === "'"): $value = str_replace("''", "'", substr($value, 1, strlen($value) - 2)); return self::T_STRING; // Recognize identifiers, aliased or qualified names case (ctype_alpha($value[0]) || $value[0] === '_' || $value[0] === '\\'): $name = 'Doctrine\ORM\Query\Lexer::T_' . strtoupper($value); if (defined($name)) { $type = constant($name); if ($type > 100) { return $type; } } if (strpos($value, ':') !== false) { return self::T_ALIASED_NAME; } if (strpos($value, '\\') !== false) { return self::T_FULLY_QUALIFIED_NAME; } return self::T_IDENTIFIER; // Recognize input parameters case ($value[0] === '?' || $value[0] === ':'): return self::T_INPUT_PARAMETER; // Recognize symbols case ($value === '.'): return self::T_DOT; case ($value === ','): return self::T_COMMA; case ($value === '('): return self::T_OPEN_PARENTHESIS; case ($value === ')'): return self::T_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS; case ($value === '='): return self::T_EQUALS; case ($value === '>'): return self::T_GREATER_THAN; case ($value === '<'): return self::T_LOWER_THAN; case ($value === '+'): return self::T_PLUS; case ($value === '-'): return self::T_MINUS; case ($value === '*'): return self::T_MULTIPLY; case ($value === '/'): return self::T_DIVIDE; case ($value === '!'): return self::T_NEGATE; case ($value === '{'): return self::T_OPEN_CURLY_BRACE; case ($value === '}'): return self::T_CLOSE_CURLY_BRACE; // Default default: // Do nothing } return $type; } }
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This is roughly what the DQL Parser looks like that uses the above Lexer implementation:

You can see the full implementation here.

1class Parser { private $lexer; public function __construct($dql) { $this->lexer = new Lexer(); $this->lexer->setInput($dql); } // ... public function getAST() { // Parse & build AST $AST = $this->QueryLanguage(); // ... return $AST; } public function QueryLanguage() { $this->lexer->moveNext(); switch ($this->lexer->lookahead['type']) { case Lexer::T_SELECT: $statement = $this->SelectStatement(); break; case Lexer::T_UPDATE: $statement = $this->UpdateStatement(); break; case Lexer::T_DELETE: $statement = $this->DeleteStatement(); break; default: $this->syntaxError('SELECT, UPDATE or DELETE'); break; } // Check for end of string if ($this->lexer->lookahead !== null) { $this->syntaxError('end of string'); } return $statement; } // ... }
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Now the AST is used to transform the DQL query in to portable SQL for whatever relational database you are using!

1$parser = new Parser('SELECT u FROM User u'); $AST = $parser->getAST(); // returns \Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\SelectStatement
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What is an AST?

AST stands for Abstract syntax tree. In computer science, an abstract syntax tree (AST), or just syntax tree, is a tree representation of the abstract syntactic structure of source code written in a programming language. Each node of the tree denotes a construct occurring in the source code.